Anestrus in dairy cattle with special reference to Postpartum anestrus:

Reproduction is one of the most crucial aspects of dairy cattle production. Overall productivity in cattle largely depends on reproductive efficiency and is commonly assessed by the number of offspring produced per breeding animal over a given period of time. Anestrus is among the most prevalent reproductive disorders in Indian cattle, significantly impacting livestock productivity and farm economics. Anestrus It is a multifactorial condition, and its occurrence often indicates underlying issues such as inadequate nutrition, environmental stress, uterine pathology, and poor management practices. Furthermore, limited availability of time and labor for animal handling frequently leads to inadequate estrus detection and improper timing of insemination, which further contributes to prolonged calving intervals and persistence of anestrus. Therefore, proper diagnosis of anestrus in dairy cattle especially in postpartum cows is a prerequisite for adopting different therapeutic approaches in managing the condition. The ultimate goal is to reduce the costly inter calving interval and improve reproductive rhythm in cattle.