Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Toxicity in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

Metal pollution has a detrimental effect on the soil ecosystem, leading to various ecological changes, such as changes in soil structure, reduction in soil fertility and effects on soil microorganisms. Plants growing in polluted soils take up toxic metals that interfere with plant growth. Microorganisms play a key role in promoting plant health. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance soil productivity and bioremediation efficacy by utilizing various microbes and chemicals to treat or detoxify contaminants in an environmentally benign manner. spinach has the potential to absorb greater amounts of heavy metals and toxic elements from the rhizosphere and convert them into edible parts. Using heavy metal resistant bacteria to improve the indicators of oxidative stress caused by heavy metals in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).