Developing a Framework to Standardize the 3D Urban Land Administration

Pakistan's push for digital and smart cities is hindered by outdated, paper-based urban land administration systems (LASs). These fragmented systems result in weak planning, land disputes, revenue loss, and legal inefficiencies. This research assesses current LAS challenges and proposes a standardized 3D urban LAS framework for Pakistan using LADM and FELA principles. A Design Science Research method, based on case studies, reveals dissatisfaction among stakeholders-81% of owner-buyers and 76% of lawyers criticize current systems. Issues include corruption, outdated laws, poor record access, and lack of technical capacity. Over 90% of stakeholders favor modernization. The proposed PK_LADM model integrates spatial and legal components using international standards and modern technologies such as digital twins and blockchain. It aims to improve land tenure security, reduce disputes, enhance transparency, and support SDG targets. Key recommendations include institutional reforms, legal updates, capacity building, and adopting a service-oriented LAS architecture. The framework offers a scalable path to responsible, transparent, and 3D-enabled land governance in Pakistan.