Diabetes Mellitus: From Metabolic Imbalance to Systemic Organ Damage

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a major global public health concern, with a rapidly increasing prevalence worldwide. Here, we focus on a comprehensive overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition and classification into various forms such as type 1 diabetes (idiopathic and fulminant), type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hybrid forms, slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes, and other specific types. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is discussed, with particular emphasis on key inflammatory mediators involved in disease progression. Furthermore, the impact of diabetes mellitus via these inflammatory mediators on multiple organ systems, including its association with liver cirrhosis, acute kidney injury, immune dysfunction, and chronic complications such as diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, is explored. Collectively, these insights highlight the complex and multifactorial nature of diabetes mellitus and underscore the need for continued research to improve early diagnosis, prevent long-term complications, and identify novel therapeutic targets for effective disease management.