Human Cloning, Genetic Engineering, and Xenotransplantation: Scientific, Ethical, Religious, Philosophical, Legal Perspectives

Cloning refers to the use of artificial processes to produce a genetically identical copy of biological materials and entities-anything from genes, cells, and tissues to entire organisms. Three primary types of cloning exist-gene cloning, therapeutic cloning, and reproductive cloning-with each one involving different techniques and processes and having different applications and purposes. Because of the variety in cloning techniques and applications, different ethical considerations arise with each of the different types of cloning. Of the three types of cloning mentioned, gene cloning is the least controversial ethically. It also is the most common type of cloning currently being undertaken by researchers at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). To date, the NHGRI has not engaged in reproductive cloning to clone any mammals, though private companies have done so.