Microwave -assisted Synthesis of Copper Nano particles: Influence nanoparticles morphology on the Cyto-toxic activity against triple negative Breast cancer

The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic index and improving drug delivery efficiency in cancer treatment. Among various malignancies, breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. Although survival rates for breast cancer have significantly improved over the past three decades, the disease continues to exhibit considerable heterogeneity in its response to treatment modalities. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a particularly aggressive subtype characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) expression. Due to the lack of these molecular targets, TNBC does not respond to hormone therapy or HER2-targeted treatments, making chemotherapy the primary therapeutic option. While TNBC may initially respond to chemotherapeutic agents, high rates of recurrence, metastasis, and associated mortality remain major clinical challenges.