Molecular, Cellular, and Blood Biomarkers in Diagnosis, Prognosis, Monitoring, Treatment

This Reprint compiles selected original research articles and reviews focused on molecular, cellular, and blood biomarkers and their application across different stages of disease management. The contributions address biomarkers derived from blood, tissues, and cells, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms, with relevance to diagnosis, prognosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic guidance.A key aspect of the Reprint is the discussion of biomarkers beyond analytical performance, with attention to biological plausibility, clinical relevance, and current limitations affecting their translation into practice. The included studies address established and emerging biomarkers, methodological approaches, and challenges related to their interpretation and potential clinical use. By integrating experimental, clinical, and translational perspectives, this Reprint provides an updated overview of advances and challenges in biomarker research. It aims to support researchers and clinicians seeking a deeper understanding of how molecular, cellular, and blood biomarkers can contribute to improved disease characterization and patient care.