Study on Structural, Optical, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties: Properties of Rare Earth Ions Substitution Divalent Elements

This study investigates the impact of trivalent rare earth ion substitution (Ce³¿, Nd³¿, Sm³¿) on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of spinel nano-ferrites-specifically Ni-Cr-Bi, Co-Zn, and Co-Mg systems. Using sol-gel or similar synthesis methods, the ferrites are analyzed for phase formation, crystallite size, and lattice parameters via XRD. Magnetic behavior is assessed using VSM, while electrical properties are explored through AC/DC conductivity and dielectric measurements. The substitution of RE³¿ ions affects cation distribution, leading to variations in magnetic moments, conductivity, and dielectric constant. These materials show potential for multifunctional applications in electronics, magnetic storage, and spintronic devices due to tunable magnetic and electrical properties induced by rare earth doping.