the Archipelago of Sahel geostrategic Powers: Hybrid recomposition ESA countries and challenges for Morocco in fight against terrorism

This dissertation explores the geopolitical and security recomposition of the central Sahel through the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), bringing together Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. Breaking with post-colonial frameworks and Western powers, notably France and the United States, the AES seeks to impose a sovereign doctrine, built around alternative partnerships, hybrid warfare (cyberwarfare, psychological operations) and pan-African unity. By revisiting the pre-colonial strategic heritage and forms of military resilience, the study shows how these states are reviving endogenous defense logics. Through the fight against terrorism, the analysis examines hybrid dimensions, the porosity of borders and the rise of psychological operations and cybernetics. Finally, the impact of terrorism on Morocco, a strategic anti-terrorist hub and player in a new African security and economic architecture, is examined.