The Role of Amino Acids in Health and Disease: Classification, Metabolism, Deficiency Disorders

A healthy life depends on the availability and the synthesis of amino acids as they are building blocks of proteins and regulators of principal physiological processes in organisms. Their structural architecture and nutritional importance elucidate their diverse biological roles, including muscle protein synthesis, immune support, neurological functions, and energy metabolism. Amino acid metabolism encompasses complex biochemical processes, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation, primarily occurring in the liver. These processes contribute to the synthesis of biomolecules such as nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and hormones and the maintenance of nitrogen balance through the urea cycle. Proper regulation of amino acid metabolism is essential for homeostasis and overall health. Deficiencies in specific amino acids, particularly essential ones that must be obtained through diet, can lead to a range of health issues, including impaired growth, weakened immune function, neurological disorders, and metabolic disturbances.