The Role of Vaccination and Treatment Accessibility in Malaria Control: Theory, Modeling, Applications

Malaria remains one of the most devastating vector-borne diseases globally, with over 240 million cases and 627,000 deaths annually, disproportionately affecting children under five and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite progress in control, malaria continues to pose significant public health challenges, emphasizing the need for robust mathematical frameworks to guide intervention strategies. In this study, we develop a comprehensive host-vector 11-compartmental model of malaria transmission that incorporates 8 classes of human disease stages including exposed, vaccinated, asymptomatic, treated, primary and secondary infected, and recovered individuals as well as 3 vector life stages with particular application to Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the disease burden is most severe. The model also accounts for treatment interventions, vaccination strategies, natural recovery, and re-infection for both humans and vectors.